Despite the introduction of novel therapies over the past decade, advanced prostate cancer remains an incurable disease in need of new strategies to overcome drug resistance. Investigators are exploring many approaches, including more potent antiandrogen agents, immune checkpoint immunotherapies, and molecularly targeted drugs (
Figure1,2).
Figure. Multiple Mechanisms Implicated in Prostate Cancer1,2

Although efforts to target the PI3K pathway and to cash in on the success of immunotherapy in other tumor types have resulted in some disappointment, ongoing research into combination strategies and potential biomarkers of response is generating promising signals.
Table. Novel and Established Agents Under Study in Prostate Cancer
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