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Although the immune system plays a vital role in attacking tumor cells, the immune mechanisms vary from tumor to tumor, and factors in the tumor microenvironment can reduce the effectiveness of the body’s immune response.

Despite a perhaps overwhelming number of combination regimens available for use in the frontline setting for patients with renal cell carcinoma, treatment decisions can still largely boil down to a patient’s risk status. For second-line therapy, investigators are looking to contemporary trials for guidance.

Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer have traditionally been burdened by a poor outlook; however, emerging therapeutic targets and novel agents directed at them are poised to affect change in this population.

Precision medicine has arrived in all stages of prostate cancer care and recommendations for optimal testing and how best to leverage the results to inform clinical decisions continue to rapidly evolve.

The history of radiation therapy for men with prostate cancer extends back more than a century. From those early crude methods, the field has advanced to delivery potentially curative therapies that can be administered in as little as 2 weeks.

Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS, FACP, discusses the use of radium-223 in prostate cancer.

Robert Dreicer, MD, discusses the impact of the phase 3 CHAARTED trial in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer.

The applications for germline and somatic genetic testing in prostate cancer have skyrocketed, carving out an important role in screening, diagnosis, and treatment.

Primo Nery Lara Jr, MD, provides an overview of the treatment landscape for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent only one area of effective therapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer, but they are not “be all, end all” of immunotherapy options.

Overwhelming evidence has pointed to the use of androgen deprivation therapy in combination with 1 or 2 other agents as the standard of care for patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer.

Effective treatment paths leveraging neoadjuvant chemotherapy have been well-established for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with mounting retrospective and prospective data continuing to demonstrate overall survival benefit compared with adjuvant chemotherapy.

Patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma have multiple effective treatment options approved in both the first line and relapsed settings, with other promising agents and combinations currently in development.

The emergence of multiple combination regimens with immunotherapy and TKIs has been welcome for the frontline treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma; however, without head-to-head comparative data, treatment selection has become individualized based on available patient characteristics.

Treatment options for patients with metastatic urothelial cancer have rapidly expanded as FDA approvals of immunotherapeutics push the boundaries of a once stagnant treatment landscape. Combination regimens and the addition of targeted approaches, further demonstrate progress in areas that have been tough to crack.

Nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is a more recently defined clinical state of prostate cancer, for which several approved drugs are now available.

The role of immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma has grown tremendously with dual immune checkpoint inhibition and combinations of anti–PD-1/VEGF inhibitors.

The use of PARP inhibitors against DNA damage repair alterations in prostate cancer is the first display of the potential for widespread precision medicine in the field.

In metastatic renal cell carcinoma, the use of frontline combination immunotherapy regimens has led to significant survival benefits for patients, and efforts are now being focused on exploring novel options for those who become refractory to this approach.

Leonard G. Gomella, MD, professor, chair, Department of Urology, and director, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Network, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, discusses the state of genetic testing in prostate cancer.

Leonard G. Gomella, MD, discusses the state of genetic testing in prostate cancer, shares his recommendations for screening, and provides perspective on where the field is headed.

Daniel P. Petrylak, MD, discusses available treatment options in metastatic bladder cancer.

In metastatic urothelial cancer, the portfolio of immunologic therapies is robust, but the treatment paradigm for these agents requires refinement.

Sumanta Kumar Pal, MD, assistant clinical professor, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, co-director, Kidney Cancer Program, City of Hope, discusses biomarker development in the field of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

E. David Crawford, MD, professor of Radiation Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, discusses ongoing research with radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Richard G. Stock, MD, senior faculty, Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, discusses the optimal use of radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo) for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Toni K. Choueiri, MD, clinical director, Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, director, Kidney Cancer Center, senior physician, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, discusses why community oncologists should utilize immunotherapy agents to treat patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Leonard Gomella, MD, physician, professor, and chair of the Department of Urology at Thomas Jefferson University and director of the Kimmel Cancer Center Network, discusses the current perspectives on screening for prostate cancer.

Emerging agents targeting the PD1/PD-L1 pathway and the process of angiogenesis are shaping up to be promising options to break a 30-year drought in new therapies for patients with progressive metastatic urothelial bladder cancer.

Daniel P. Petrylak, MD, professor of Medicine (Medical Oncology) and Urology, co-director, Signal Transduction Research Program, Yale Cancer Center, discusses immunotherapy agents for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer.